Contributions published at Marketing and Market Research (René Algesheimer)

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The main aim of our research was to describe the comprehensive picture of relationships between identity and well-being with a cross-national perspective. We examined identity considering the interplay of three processes (i.e., commitment, in-depth exploration, and reconsideration of commitment) and we treated well-being as a multidimensional latent variable, whose indicators were subjective well-being, psychological well-being, and social well-being. Participants were 1,086 (60.6 % female) emerging adults from Italy, Poland, and Romania. They completed self-report measures of identity and well-being. We adopted a structural equation modeling approach and we tested associations between identity and well-being for university students (taking into account educational identity) and working emerging adults (considering job identity). For all countries and in both identity domains findings indicated that well-being was consistently associated with high commitment, high in-depth exploration, and low reconsideration of commitment. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Psychologists view values as an aspect of personality that underlies and motivates attitudes and behavior. We present overviews of Allport’s motivational theory and Rokeach’s cognitive theory, and elaborate on Schwartz’s integration of earlier approaches. Schwartz defines values as transsituational goals, varying in importance, that serve as guiding principles in the life of a person or group. Values form a circular motivational continuum that reflects their conflicts and congruence and may be universal. We discuss the location of values in personality structure and relations of values to behavior.

Over the last decades, large international datasets such as the European Social Survey (ESS), the European Value Study (EVS) and the World Value Survey (WVS) have been collected to compare value means over multiple time points and across many countries. Yet analyzing comparative survey data requires the fulfillment of specific assumptions, i.e., that these values are comparable over time and across countries. Given the large number of groups that can be compared in repeated cross-national datasets, establishing measurement invariance has been, however, considered unrealistic. Indeed, studies which did assess it often failed to establish higher levels of invariance such as scalar invariance. In this paper we first introduce the newly developed approximate approach based on Bayesian structural equation modeling (BSEM) to assess cross-group invariance over countries and time points and contrast the findings with the results from the traditional exact measurement invariance test. BSEM examines whether measurement parameters are approximately (rather than exactly) invariant. We apply BSEM to a subset of items measuring the universalism value from the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) in the ESS. The invariance of this value is tested simultaneously across 15 ESS countries over six ESS rounds with 173,071 respondents and 90 groups in total. Whereas, the use of the traditional approach only legitimates the comparison of latent means of 37 groups, the Bayesian procedure allows the latent mean comparison of 73 groups. Thus, our empirical application demonstrates for the first time the BSEM test procedure on a particularly large set of groups.

Using data from 28 countries in four continents, the present research addresses the question of how basic values may account for political activism. Study 1 (N = 35,116) analyses data from representative samples in 20 countries that responded to the 21-item version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21) in the European Social Survey. Study 2 (N = 7,773) analyses data from adult samples in six of the same countries (Finland, Germany, Greece, Israel, Poland, and United Kingdom) and eight other countries (Australia, Brazil, Chile, Italy, Slovakia, Turkey, Ukraine, and United States) that completed the full 40-item PVQ. Across both studies, political activism relates positively to self-transcendence and openness to change values, especially to universalism and autonomy of thought, a subtype of self-direction. Political activism relates negatively to conservation values, especially to conformity and personal security. National differences in the strength of the associations between individual values and political activism are linked to level of democratization.

Establishing measurement invariance for indicators measured using online and offline modes of data collection is a precondition for the comparison of such data. Furthermore, it may allow accumulating knowledge using data from different sources or pooling data collected using different methods. The main goal of the current paper is to present a tutorial outlining the procedure of testing for measurement invariance using the Amos and Mplus software packages. We focus on the following steps for performing a measurement invariance test: 1) model specification, 2) model identification, 3) model estimation and evaluation, and 4) model modification.

Political scientists often need to evaluate whether samples are comparable,for example, when analysing different countries or time points or when comparing data collected using different methods. A necessary condition for conducting such meaningful cross-group comparisons is the establishment of measurement invariance. One of the most frequently used procedures for establishing measurement invariance is the multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. This method was criticised in the literature because it may suggest that a model fits the data although it may contain serious misspecifications. We present an alternative method to test for measurement invariance using detection of local misspecifications and illustrate its use on two data sets assessing value priorities that

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The increasing importance of social media in opinion formation as well as the new availability of large customer network data led to the rise of network-based marketing. Instead of assuming independence of observations, marketers now consider the connectivity between individuals and their influence on one another. The exponential random graph model (ERGM) takes this dependency assumption into account and calculates the probability of a connection between individuals depending on external factors. This statistical tool enables researchers to measure several effects of social behavior and further analyze the emergence of networks. The following work gives an overview of network-based marketing and its different branches. Furthermore, it focuses on research about customer referral programs (CRP), a customer acquisition tool that rewards current customers for successful product recommendations. After explaining the mathematical concept of the ERGM, it will be applied to analyze a specific CRP. The given data set depicts a customer network of a Swiss company offering discount vouchers for certain products. Customers receive free vouchers for inviting new individuals into the customer network. The data analysis focuses on the effect of the CRP on the network structure and highlights strengths and challenges in the application of the ERGM.

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Based on Social Media Data, we presented tourists' social communication on "self" and "foreign" and its implication on the consumption of vacations.

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