Linda Weigl, Tamara Roth, Alexandre Amard, Liudmila Zavolokina, When public values and user-centricity in e-government collide – A systematic review, Government Information Quarterly, Vol. 41 (3), 2024. (Journal Article)
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User-centricity in e-government is a double-edged sword. While it helps governments design digital services tailored to the needs of citizens, it may also increase the burden on users and deepen the digital divide. From an institutional perspective, these fundamental conflicts are inevitable. To better understand the role and effect of user-centricity in e-government, this paper analyses academic literature on user-centricity and public values. The analysis leads to three main insights: First, there is a conflict in citizen representation that may result from the normative dominance of decision-makers. Second, we identify an accountability conflict that can prevent user-centric innovation from thriving in a highly institutionalized environment. Third, we identify a pluralism conflict that emerges from a clash between the reality of a diverse society and the assumed homogeneity of actors. The need to address these conflicts increases with rapid technological innovation, such as distributed ledger technologies, artificial intelligence, and trust infrastructures. These technologies put the user at the center stage and permeate aspects of social life beyond government. In response to these insights, we outline suggestions for further research and practice. |
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Liudmila Zavolokina, Ingrid Bauer-Hänsel, Janine Hacker, Gerhard Schwabe, Organizing for value creation in blockchain information systems, Information and Organization, Vol. 34 (3), 2024. (Journal Article)
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Many blockchain consortia have been established to build blockchain information systems. While the developed blockchain information systems were promising, few have reached market entry. Indeed, blockchain consortia often lost development focus due to high system complexity and a lack of understanding of how to create a system that will serve the needs and bring value to all stakeholders. Thus, stakeholders struggled to leverage blockchain information systems' full value. Prior studies demonstrated that blockchain systems pose not only technical but also organizational challenges. Analysing six blockchain consortia, we identify their value mechanisms, organizational problems, and organizational solutions that successful blockchain consortia experience while organizing themselves for value. As a result, we propose a new organizational form, i.e., a layered organization, for blockchain consortia to achieve better value creation. |
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Manthos D Delis, Kathrin De Greiff, Maria Iosifidi, Steven Ongena, Being stranded with fossil fuel reserves? Climate policy risk and the pricing of bank loans, Financial markets, institutions & instruments, Vol. 33 (3), 2024. (Journal Article)
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Do banks price the risk of stranded fossil fuel reserves? To address this question, we hand collect global data on corporate fossil fuel reserves from 2002 to 2016, match it with syndicated loans, and subsequently compare the loan rate charged to fossil fuel firms - along their climate policy exposure - to other firms. We find that banks price climate policy exposure, especially after 2015. We also uncover that our main effect further increases for loans with longer maturity, that loan size to fossil fuel firms increases, and that ‛Green’ banks also charge higher loan rates to fossil fuel firms. |
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Tarek Alakmeh, David Reich, Lena Jäger, Thomas Fritz, Predicting code comprehension: a novel approach to align human gaze with code using deep neural networks, In: ACM International Conference on the Foundations of Software Engineering, 2024-07-17. (Conference or Workshop Paper published in Proceedings)
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The better the code quality and the less complex the code, the easier it is for software developers to comprehend and evolve it. Yet, how do we best detect quality concerns in the code? Existing measures to assess code quality, such as McCabe’s cyclomatic complexity, are decades old and neglect the human aspect. Research has shown that considering how a developer reads and experiences the code can be an indicator of its quality. In our research, we built on these insights and designed, trained, and evaluated the first deep neural network that aligns a developer’s eye gaze with the code tokens the developer looks at to predict code comprehension and perceived difficulty. To train and analyze our approach, we performed an experiment in which 27 participants worked on a range of 16 short code comprehension tasks while we collected fine-grained gaze data using an eye tracker. The results of our evaluation show that our deep neural sequence model that integrates both the human gaze and the stimulus code, can predict (a) code comprehension and (b) the perceived code difficulty significantly better than current state-of-the-art reference methods. We also show that aligning human gaze with code leads to better performance than models that rely solely on either code or human gaze. We discuss potential applications and propose future work to build better human-inclusive code evaluation systems. |
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Gianluca De Nard, Robert F Engle, Bryan Kelly, Factor-mimicking portfolios for climate risk, Financial Analysts Journal, Vol. 80 (3), 2024. (Journal Article)
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We propose and implement a procedure to optimally hedge climate change risk. First, we construct climate risk indices through textual analysis of newspapers. Second, we present a new approach to compute factor-mimicking portfolios to build climate risk hedge portfolios. The new mimicking portfolio approach is much more efficient than traditional sorting or maximum correlation approaches by taking into account new methodologies of estimating large-dimensional covariance matrices in short samples. In an extensive empirical out-of-sample performance test, we demonstrate the superior all-around performance delivering markedly higher and statistically significant alphas and betas with the climate risk indices. |
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Giacomo Bressan, Anja Đuranović, Irene Monasterolo, Stefano Battiston, Asset-level assessment of climate physical risk matters for adaptation finance, Nature Communications, Vol. 15, 2024. (Journal Article)
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Climate physical risk assessment is crucial to inform adaptation policies and finance. However, science-based and transparent solutions to assess climate physical risks are limited, compounding the adaptation gap. This is a main limitation to fill the adaptation gap. We provide a methodology that quantifies physical risks on geolocalized productive assets, considering their exposure to chronic and acute impacts (hurricanes) across the scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Then, we translate asset-level shocks into economic and financial losses. We apply the methodology to Mexico, a country highly exposed to physical risks, recipient of adaptation finance and foreign investments. We show that investor losses are underestimated up to 70% when neglecting asset-level information, and up to 82% when neglecting tail acute risks. Therefore, neglecting the asset-level and acute dimensions of physical risks leads to large errors in the identification of adaptation policy responses, investments and finance tools aimed to build resilience to climate change. |
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Alexandre Garel, Arthur Romec, Zacharias Sautner, Alexander Wagner, Do investors care about biodiversity?, Review of Finance, Vol. 28 (4), 2024. (Journal Article)
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This article introduces a new measure of a firm’s negative impact on biodiversity, the corporate biodiversity footprint (CBF), and studies whether it is priced in an international sample of stocks. On average, the CBF does not explain the cross-section of returns between 2019 and 2022. However, a biodiversity footprint premium (higher returns for firms with larger footprints) began emerging in October 2021 after the Kunming Declaration, which capped the first part of the UN Biodiversity Conference (COP15). Consistent with this finding, stocks with large footprints lost value in the days after the Kunming Declaration. The launch of the Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD) in June 2021 had a similar effect. These results indicate that investors have started to require a risk premium upon the prospect of, and uncertainty about, future regulation or litigation to preserve biodiversity. |
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Christian Ewerhart, Solving the n-player Tullock contest, In: Working paper series / Department of Economics, No. 447, 2024. (Working Paper)
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The n-player Tullock contest with complete information is known to admit explicit solutions in special cases, such as (i) homogeneous valuations, (ii) constant returns, and (iii) two contestants. But can that model be solved more generally? In this paper, we show that key characteristics of the equilibrium, such as individual efforts, winning probabilities, and payoffs cannot, in general, be expressed in terms of the primitives of the model using basic arithmetic operations plus the extraction of roots alone. In this sense, the Tullock contest is intractable. We argue that our formal concept of tractability captures the intuitive understanding of the notion. |
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Ibrahim Al-Hazwani, Tiantian Luo, Oana Inel, Francesco Ricci, Mennatallah El-Assady, Jürgen Bernard, ScrollyPOI: A Narrative-Driven Interactive Recommender System for Points-of-Interest Exploration and Explainability, In: ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP), ACM Digital library, 2024-07-01. (Conference or Workshop Paper published in Proceedings)
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Recommender systems can help web users find more relevant content, improve their online experience, and support them in the discovery of new Points-of-Interest (POI). Yet, challenges persist in dealing with the cold-start problem and in recommendation explainability. To address these, we have created ScrollyPOI, an interactive POI recommender system based on Data Humanism principles. Utilizing scrollytelling, we address the cold-start problem by engaging users in reflecting on previous positive experiences. Additionally, ScrollyPOI enhances explainability through input and output explanations. The system uses stacked bar charts and word clouds to explain how user preferences inform recommendations (input). Finally, ScrollyPOI employs a multi-layered approach to explain why specific POIs are recommended (output). We have evaluated ScrollyPOI’s interface and experience through a preliminary study, highlighting its potential for transparent explanations in the POI recommendation domain. Our findings underscore ScrollyPOI’s efficacy in collecting preferences and enhancing recommendation transparency, positioning it as a platform for studying explainability goals in the POI domain. |
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Thomas Puschmann, Valentyn Khmarskyi, Green fintech: developing a research agenda, CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance, Vol. 31 (4), 2024. (Journal Article)
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Digitalization and sustainability have been the core drivers of transformation of the financial industry in recent years. In this context, green fintech plays a major role, which, however, is still an unexplored field in business, information systems and finance research. This paper conducts a systematic literature analysis and develops a research agenda based on a framework, which is derived from clustering 74 academic research papers. The framework consists of the four clusters strategy, organization, technology, and potentials along nine dimensions. The research agenda reveals that green fintech is still a very premature field of research. The analysis shows that areas like customer- and government-related services, insurance-oriented approaches and SDGs which focus on life on land and life below water are still rare and that most of the approaches focus on blockchain technology, while other financial technologies like artificial intelligence are still underrepresented. |
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Thomas Puschmann, Engjull Halimi, FinTech services from BigTech companies, Systems research and behavioral science, 2024. (Journal Article)
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The so‐called BigTech companies Amazon, Alphabet, Apple and Meta and are constantly attempting to grow into new business areas. Due to their expertise in data analysis, they have managed to quickly establish themselves in many industries as digital ecosystems and, as part of this strategy, are also expanding their footprint in financial services. However, the biggest challenge that BigTech companies are facing in financial services is customer acceptance. This paper contributes to the emerging field of digital ecosystems and the acceptance of sensitive services by users. Although the BigTech firms have gained much attention, only little empirical analysis is available. This paper aims to shed light on the determinants of customer acceptance of BigTech banking services. Based on a survey in Switzerland this research develops an analytic model to identify and test the relevant determinants. The results indicate that the strongest significant influences were found in subjective risk and trust which clearly demonstrates the still‐existing incumbents' advantage over the BigTech companies. |
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Fang Zhou, Linyuan Lu, Jianguo Liu, Manuel Mariani, Beyond network centrality: Individual-level behavioral traits for predicting information superspreaders in social media, National Science Review, Vol. 11 (7), 2024. (Journal Article)
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Understanding the heterogeneous role of individuals in large-scale information spreading is essential to manage online behavior as well as its potential offline consequences. To this end, most existing studies from diverse research domains focus on the disproportionate role played by highly-connected “hub” individuals. However, we demonstrate here that information superspreaders in online social media are best understood and predicted by simultaneously considering two individual-level behavioral traits: influence and susceptibility. Specifically, we derive a nonlinear network-based algorithm to quantify individuals’ influence and susceptibility from multiple spreading event data. By applying the algorithm to large-scale data from Twitter and Weibo, we demonstrate that individuals’ estimated influence and susceptibility scores enable predictions of future superspreaders above and beyond network centrality, and reveal new insights on the network position of the superspreaders. |
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Eduard Hartwich, Tamara Roth, Alexander Rieger, Liudmila Zavolokina, Gilbert Fridgen, Negotiation and Translation between Discursive Fields: A Study on the Diffusion of Decentralized Finance, In: European Conference of Information Systems (ECIS), AIS Electronic Library, 2024-06-13. (Conference or Workshop Paper published in Proceedings)
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Successful diffusion of emerging technologies requires coherent ideas for their use. However, such ideas can be difficult to negotiate when the involved discursive fields differ in their beliefs and discursive frames. To analyze how such diverse fields can nevertheless co-develop a shared linguistic repertoire and coherent ‘organizing vision’, we conduct an inductive, interpretive study on the use of blockchain in the financial services industry. Drawing on interviews with 46 experts, we unpack how three different discursive fields (non-custodians, custodians, regulators) participated in the development of a'decentralized finance'vision. We transfer these insights into a recursive process model for the guided negotiation and translation between discursive fields. Our study contributes a deeper understanding of the role of beliefs, discursive frames, and regulators for the emergence of a shared linguistic repertoire and coherent organizing vision. |
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Christoph Basten, Steven Ongena, Mortgage lending through a fintech web platform. The roles of competition, diversification, and automation, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 163, 2024. (Journal Article)
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How do banks offer and price mortgages when an online platform enables them to reach regions where they have no branches? With unique data on responses from differently located banks to each applying household and a shift-share instrument for market concentration, we find banks to make more and cheaper offers to more concentrated local markets. We rationalize this as investments in lucrative market shares given customer switching costs. Banks also improve their inter-regional portfolio diversification with more attractive offers to regions more complementary to their home locales. Finally, banks` choices become increasingly automated, reducing their operating costs. |
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Philipp Brunner, Igor Letina, Armin Schmutzler, Research joint ventures: the role of financial constraints, European Economic Review, Vol. 165, 2024. (Journal Article)
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This paper provides a novel theory of research joint ventures for financially constrained firms. When firms choose R&D portfolios, an RJV can help to coordinate research efforts, reducing investments in duplicate projects. This can free up resources, increase the variety of pursued projects and thereby increase the probability of discovering the innovation. RJVs improve innovation outcomes when market competition is weak or external financing conditions are bad. An RJV may increase the innovation probability and nevertheless lower total R&D costs. RJVs that increase innovation also increase consumer surplus and tend to be profitable, but innovation-reducing RJVs also exist. Finally, we compare RJVs to innovation-enhancing mergers. |
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Marcel Caesmann, Janis Goldzycher, Matteo Grigoletto, Lorenz Gschwent, Censorship in democracy, In: Working paper series / Department of Economics, No. 446, 2024. (Working Paper)
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The spread of propaganda, misinformation, and biased narratives from autocratic regimes, especially on social media, is a growing concern in many democracies. Can censorship be an effective tool to curb the spread of such slanted narratives? In this paper, we study the European Union’s ban on Russian state-led news outlets after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. We analyze 775,616 tweets from 133,276 users on Twitter/X, employing a difference-in-differences strategy. We show that the ban reduced pro-Russian slant among users who had previously directly interacted with banned outlets. The impact is most pronounced among users with the highest pre-ban slant levels. However, this effect was short-lived, with slant returning to its pre-ban levels within two weeks post-enforcement. Additionally, we find a detectable albeit less pronounced indirect effect on users who had not directly interacted with the outlets before the ban. We provide evidence that other suppliers of propaganda may have actively sought to mitigate the ban’s influence by intensifying their activity, effectively counteracting the persistence and reach of the ban. |
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Massimo Filippini, Markus Leippold, Tobias Wekhof, Sustainable finance literacy and the determinants of sustainable investing, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 163, 2024. (Journal Article)
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In this paper, we survey a large sample of Swiss households to measure sustainable finance literacy, which we define as the knowledge and skill of identifying and assessing financial products according to their reported sustainability-related characteristics. To this end, we use multiple-choice questions. Furthermore, we measure Swiss private investors' level of awareness about sustainable financial products using open-ended questions. We find that Swiss households, which are generally highly financially literate by international standards, exhibit low levels of sustainable financial literacy compared to the current working definitions of sustainable finance. Moreover, despite its low level, knowledge about sustainable finance is a significant factor in the reported ownership of sustainable products. The empirical results also show a relatively low level of awareness. Generally, these empirical findings suggest a need to create transparent regulatory standards and strengthen information campaigns about sustainable financial products. |
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Phuong Anh Nguyen, Michael Wolf, Single-firm inference in event studies via the permutation test, Empirical Economics, Vol. 66 (6), 2024. (Journal Article)
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Return event studies generally involve several firms but there are also cases when only one firm is involved. This makes the relevant testing problems, abnormal return and cumulative abnormal return, more difficult since one cannot exploit the multitude of firms (by using a relevant central limit theorem, say) to design hypothesis tests. We propose a permutation test which is of nonparametric nature and more generally valid than the tests that have previously been proposed in the literature in this context. We address the question of the power of the test via a brief simulation study and also illustrate the method with two applications to real data. |
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Piotr Danisewicz, Steven Ongena, Fiscal transfers, local government, and entrepreneurship, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 43 (3), 2024. (Journal Article)
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Can local government spending spur entrepreneurial activity? To answer this question, we study a setting where, around multiple pre‐determined and non‐manipulable thresholds, municipalities with lower tax revenues receive direct and different monetary grants from the national budget. Employing a fuzzy regression discontinuity design, we find a positive impact of fiscal transfers on the number of firms, especially sole proprietorships and small firms. The impact is stronger in municipalities where the opposition is more involved in the legislative process or more parties are represented in the municipal council. |
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Roberto Ulloa, Ana Carolina Richter, Mykola Makhortykh, Aleksandra Urman, Celina Sylwia Kacperski, Representativeness and face-ism: Gender bias in image search, New Media & Society, Vol. 26 (6), 2024. (Journal Article)
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Implicit and explicit gender biases in media representations of individuals have long existed. Women are less likely to be represented in gender-neutral media content (representation bias), and their face-to-body ratio in images is often lower (face-ism bias). In this article, we look at representativeness and face-ism in search engine image results. We systematically queried four search engines (Google, Bing, Baidu, Yandex) from three locations, using two browsers and in two waves, with gender-neutral (person, intelligent person) and gendered (woman, intelligent woman, man, intelligent man) terminology, accessing the top 100 image results. We employed automatic identification for the individual’s gender expression (female/male) and the calculation of the face-to-body ratio of individuals depicted. We find that, as in other forms of media, search engine images perpetuate biases to the detriment of women, confirming the existence of the representation and face-ism biases. In-depth algorithmic debiasing with a specific focus on gender bias is overdue. |
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