Robert Göx, Beatrice Michaeli, Private Predecision Information and the Pay-Performance Relation, In: SSRN, No. 3984383, 2021. (Working Paper)
We study how the precision of managers’ private post-contract predecision information affects the pay-performance relation. Taking into account that the information environment in decentralized firms is often endogenously determined (e.g., by investment in internal accounting systems, hiring of consultants, or learning), we find that firms jointly choosing information precision and incentives may optimally tie executive pay closer to firm performance as agency problems become more pronounced. Specifically, the trade-off between information precision and incentives can render it optimal to provide agents with stronger incentives if agents are less productive, performance measures are less congruent or more susceptible to manipulation, or if agents are more risk averse. Considering that empirical studies frequently take the pay-performance sensitivity (PPS) as a measure of the efficiency of real world compensation arrangements, our results provide relevant insights for empirical research studying the determinants of the relation between executive pay and firm performance.
Keywords: incentive contracting, predecision information, information design, pay-performance relation |
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Amalia R Miller, Carmit Segal, Melissa K Spencer, Effects of COVID-19 shutdowns on domestic violence in US cities, In: NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29429, 2021. (Working Paper)
We empirically investigate the impact of COVID-19 shutdowns on domestic violence using incident-level data on both domestic-related calls for service and crime reports of domestic violence assaults from the 18 major US police departments for which both types of records are available. Although we confirm prior reports of an increase in domestic calls for service at the start of the pandemic, we find that the increase preceded mandatory shutdowns, and there was an incremental decline following the government imposition of restrictions. We also find no evidence that domestic violence crimes increased. Rather, police reports of domestic violence assaults declined significantly during the initial shutdown period. There was no significant change in intimate partner homicides during shutdown months and victimization survey reports of intimate partner violence were lower. Our results fail to support claims that shutdowns increased domestic violence and suggest caution before drawing inference or basing policy solely on data from calls to police. |
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Mahmoud Abo Khamis, George Chichirim, Antonia Kormpa, Dan Olteanu, The Complexity of Boolean Conjunctive Queries with Intersection Joins, In: ArXiv.org, No. 13342, 2021. (Working Paper)
Intersection joins over interval data are relevant in spatial and temporal data settings. A set of intervals join if their intersection is non-empty. In case of point intervals, the intersection join becomes the standard equality join.
We establish the complexity of Boolean conjunctive queries with intersection joins by a many-one equivalence to disjunctions of Boolean conjunctive queries with equality joins. The complexity of any query with intersection joins is that of the hardest query with equality joins in the disjunction exhibited by our equivalence. This is captured by a new width measure called the IJ-width.
We also introduce a new syntactic notion of acyclicity called iota-acyclicity to characterise the class of Boolean queries with intersection joins that admit linear time computation modulo a poly-logarithmic factor in the data size. Iota-acyclicity is for intersection joins what alpha-acyclicity is for equality joins. It strictly sits between gamma-acyclicity and Berge-acyclicity. The intersection join queries that are not iota-acyclic are at least as hard as the Boolean triangle query with equality joins, which is widely considered not computable in linear time. |
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Michal Dzielinski, Florian Eugster, Emma Sjöström, Alexander Wagner, Do Firms Walk the Climate Talk?, In: Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper, No. 22-14, 2022. (Working Paper)
Firms talk more about the climate on earnings conference calls when climate matters are more material for a firm, when there is greater shareholder pressure or when it is better prepared for climate-related disclosure. However, there is also large unexplained variation in climate talk. In a global sample, we find that climate talk is negatively related to the change in CO2 emissions in the years after the call. However, this does not hold in the US, individualistic cultures and cultures characterized by short-term horizons. In those settings, investors also react negatively to climate talk. Overall, these results suggest that firms walk the climate talk on average, but the credibility of such talk varies across firms. |
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Carlos Gomez Gonzalez, Helmut Max Dietl, David Berri, Cornel Nesseler, Can Consumers See A Difference? An Experiment with High-Skilled Soccer Players, In: UZH Business Working Paper Series, No. 391, 2021. (Working Paper)
Whether one looks at revenue, public and private investment, or media coverage; men's sports consistently do better than women's sports. Many people argue that these differences are driven by absolute differences in the quality of athletes in men's and women's sports. We begin by noting that absolute differences in athletic skill often do not drive demand in sports. We then move on to our primary research question: Can people truly see differences in men and women athletes? To answer this question, we use videos of professional women’s and men’s soccer. In some videos the gender of the athletes was clear to see. In other videos, though, the gender of the athletes was blurred. We find that participants only rate men’s soccer videos higher when the gender of the players is visible. These findings reveal a bias in the evaluation of men’s and women’s soccer relevant for many other fields. Our results demonstrate that factors other than performance, e.g., social beliefs and stereotypes, have an important influence on how individuals evaluate women in sports. |
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Raphael Auer, Alexandra Matyunina, Steven Ongena, The countercyclical capital buffer and the composition of bank lending, In: Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper, No. 21-66, 2022. (Working Paper)
Do targeted macroprudential measures impact non-targeted sectors too? We investigate the compositional changes in the supply of credit by Swiss banks, exploiting their differential exposure to the activation in 2013 of the countercyclical capital buffer (CCyB) which targeted banks’ exposure to residential mortgages. We find that the additional capital requirements resulting from the activation of the CCyB cause higher growth in banks’ commercial lending. While banks are lending more to all types of businesses, including bigger corporate customers in the syndicated loan market, the new macroprudential policy benefits smaller and riskier businesses the most. However, the interest rates and other costs of obtaining credit for these firms rise as well. |
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Thorsten Hens, Michael Schnetzer, Evolutionary finance for multi-asset investors, In: Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper, No. 22-05, 2022. (Working Paper)
Standard strategic asset allocation procedures usually neglect market interaction. However, returns are not generated in a vacuum but are the result of the market's price discovery mechanism which is driven by investors' investment strategies. Evolutionary finance accounts for this and endogenizes asset prices. This paper develops a multi-asset evolutionary finance model. Requiring little more than dividend and interest rate data, it facilitates an interesting glimpse into the inner workings of financial markets and provides a valuable guide to this class of models. While traditional mean/variance optimization is static and concerned with finding the optimal asset allocation, evolutionary portfolio theory is dynamic and its focus is on finding the optimal investment strategy. This paper shows that yield-based strategies generate asset allocations that outperform competing alternatives. Therefore, strategic asset allocation approaches that rely on such an economic foundation are evolutionarily advantageous for multi-asset investors. |
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Thorsten Hens, Fatemeh Naebi, Behavioral Heterogeneity in the CAPM with Evolutionary Dynamics, In: Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper, No. 22-06, 2022. (Working Paper)
The paper shows how the standard two-period CAPM with exogenous wealth and exogenous returns can be extended inter-temporally by including the evolution of wealth from the Evolutionary Finance model of Evstigneev, Hens and Schenk-Hoppe (2011). The missing link between the two models is given by the CAPM with heterogeneous behavior derived by Hens and Naebi (2020). This paper delivers theoretical and empirical results for behavioral heterogeneity in the CAPM with evolutionary dynamics. As a result of the market selection process, we derive a beta based on fundamentals to which the standard beta tends to converge asymptotically. This is confirmed by data from the DJIA. |
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Nikolay Doskov, Thorsten Hens, Klaus Reiner Schenk-Hoppe, Strategic complementarity and substitutability of investment strategies, In: Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper, No. 22-04, 2023. (Working Paper)
Investors in equities tend to follow well-defined investment strategies based on characteristics such as market capitalization and dividend yield or factors such as size, value, momentum and quality which capture the cross-section of asset returns. In this paper, we explore the interaction of such investment strategies in a demand-driven framework. The aim is to quantify the impact of a reallocation of capital between strategies on the cross-section of their performance. The main finding is that self- and cross-impact caused by the reallocation of capital can explain capacity of strategies, correlation of returns and the cyclical nature of investment strategies’ risk premia. |
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Emilia Garcia, Antonio Accetturo, Giorgia Barboni, Michele Cascarano, Cultural proximity and the formation of lending relationships, In: CAGE, No. 514, . (Working Paper)
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Emilia Garcia, Claudia Custodio, Miguel Ferreira, Adrian Lam, Economic impact of climate change, In: SSRN, No. 3724940, . (Working Paper)
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Claudia Custodio, Miguel Ferreira, Emilia Garcia, Indirect Costs of Financial Distress, In: SSRN, No. 3310941, 2022. (Working Paper)
We estimate the indirect costs of financial distress due to lost sales by exploiting real estate shocks and cross-supplier variation in real estate assets and leverage. We show that for the same client buying from different suppliers, the client’s purchases from distressed suppliers decline by an additional 13% following a drop in local real estate prices. The effect is more pronounced in more competitive industries, manufacturing, durable goods, less-specific goods, and when the costs of switching suppliers are low. Our results suggest that clients reduce their exposure to suppliers in financial distress. |
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Julian Kölbel, Stefan Zeisberger, Florian Heeb, Falko Paetzold, Do Investors Care About Impact?, In: SSRN, No. 3765659, 2023. (Working Paper)
We assess how investors’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for sustainable investments responds to the impact of those investments, using a framed field experiment. While investors have a substantial WTP for sustainable investments, they do not pay more for more impact. This also holds for dedicated impact investors. When investors compare several sustainable investments, their WTP responds to differences in impact but not to the absolute level of impact. Investors experience positive emotions when choosing sustainable investments, irrespective of investments’ impact. Our findings suggest that the WTP for sustainable investments is driven by an emotional rather than a calculative valuation of impact. |
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Daniel Fasnacht, Agile and frugal strategies for the handling of increased uncertainty, In: SSRN, No. 21778, 2021. (Working Paper)
Increased uncertainty and customer needs that change radically within a few days lead to socio-economic changes. Conventional management concepts no longer work in a business paradigm that calls for quick reactions and continuous business model innovations. Keeping the existing business running as efficiently as possible and at the same time exploring new opportunities for the future requires agility, flexibility, and openness. Organizational resilience helps to reposition over a crisis. For those who are open to novel approaches, the concept of frugal innovation creates new opportunities: targeted and cost-efficient satisfaction of client expectation, reduced to what the user needs at the moment. This article explains inter-organizational agility as the basis for frugal solutions. We suggest a value-adding strategy with fewer resources as the first step towards responsible corporate management. |
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Johannes Brumm, Xiangyu Feng, Laurence J Kotlikoff, Felix Kübler, When interest rates go low, should public debt go high?, In: NBER Working Paper Series, No. 28951, 2023. (Working Paper)
Is deficit finance, explicit or implicit, free when borrowing rates are routinely lower than growth rates? Specifically, can the government make all generations better off by perpetually taking from the young and giving to the old? We study this question in simple closed and open economies and show that achieving Pareto gains requires implausible calibrations. Even then, the gains reflect, depending on the economy's openness, improved intergenerational risk-sharing, improved international risk-sharing, and beggaring thy neighbor – not intergenerational redistribution per se. Low government borrowing rates, including borrowing rates running far below growth rates, justify improved risk-sharing between generations and countries. They provide no convincing basis for using deficit finance to redistribute from young and future generations or other countries. |
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Doris Folini, Aleksandra Friedl, Felix Kübler, Simon Scheidegger, The climate in climate economics, In: SSRN, No. 3885021, 2023. (Working Paper)
We develop a generic and transparent calibration strategy for climate models used in economics. The key idea is to choose the free model parameters to match the output of large-scale Earth System Models, which are run on pre-defined future emissions scenarios and collected in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5). We propose to jointly use four different test cases that are considered pivotal in the climate science literature. Two of these tests are highly idealized to allow for the separate quantitative examination of the carbon cycle and the temperature response. Another two tests are closer to the scenarios that arise from economic models. They test the climate module as a whole, that is, they incorporate gradual changes in CO2 emissions, exogenous forcing, and ultimately the temperature response. To illustrate the applicability of our method, we re-calibrate the free parameters of the climate part of the seminal DICE-2016 model for three different CMIP5 model responses: the multi-model mean as well as two other CMIP5 models that exhibit extreme but still permissible equilibrium climate sensitivities. As an additional novelty, our calibrations of DICE-2016 allow for an arbitrary time step in the model explicitly. By applying our comprehensive suite of tests, we show that i) both the temperature equations and the carbon cycle in DICE-2016 are miscalibrated and that ii) by re-calibrating their coefficients, we can match all CMIP5 targets we consider. Finally, we apply the economic model from DICE-2016 in combination with the newly calibrated climate model to compute the social cost of carbon and the optimal warming. We find that in our updated model, the social cost of carbon is similar to DICE-2016. However, the optimal long-run temperature in our calibration lies almost one degree below that obtained by DICE-2016. Moreover, the social cost of carbon turns out to be much less sensitive to the discount rate than in DICE-2016. We explain how the model's climate part relates to these differences and also show that under the optimal mitigation scenario, the temperature predictions of DICE-2016 (in contrast to our proposed calibration) fall outside of the CMIP5 scenarios, suggesting that one might want to be skeptical about policy predictions derived from DICE-2016. |
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Laurence J Kotlikoff, Felix Kübler, Andrey Polbin, Simon Scheidegger, Can today's and tomorrow's world uniformly gain from carbon taxation?, In: NBER Working Paper Series, No. 29224, 2023. (Working Paper)
Climate change will impact current and future generations in different regions very differently. This paper develops a large-scale, annually calibrated, multi-region, overlapping generations model of climate change to study its heterogeneous effects across space and time. We model the relationship between carbon emissions and the global average temperature based on the latest climate science. Predicated average global temperature is used to determine, via pattern-scaling, region-specific temperatures and damages. Our main focus is determining the carbon policy that delivers present and future mankind the highest uniform percentage welfare gains – arguably the policy with the highest chance of global adoption. Damages from climate change are positive for all regions apart from Russia and Canada, with India and South Asia Pacific suffering the most. The optimal policy is implemented via a time-varying global carbon tax plus region- and generation-specific net transfers. Uniform welfare improving carbon policy can materially limit global emissions, dramatically shorten the use of fossil fuels, and raise the welfare of all current and future agents by over four percent. Unfortunately, the pursuit of carbon policy by individual regions, even large ones, makes only a limited difference. However, coalitions of regions, particularly ones including China, can materially limit carbon emissions. |
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Christoph Basten, Steven Ongena, Mortgage Lending through a FinTech Web Platform. The Roles of Competition, Diversification, and Automation, In: CUREM Working Paper Series, No. 10, 2021. (Working Paper)
We analyze how banks offer and price mortgages through an online platform where they reach also regions in which they lack branches. We use unique data on responses from different banks to each applying household and exploit exogenous variation in prior competition. We find banks to offer more often and at lower margins to more concentrated markets, arguably motivated by more profitable refinancing and cross-selling opportunities. Banks also improve their inter-regional portfolio diversification with more attractive offers to regions more complementary to home markets. Choices become increasingly automated, reducing operating costs. |
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Marie Briere, Stefano Ramelli, Green Sentiment, Stock Returns, and Corporate Behavior, In: SSRN, No. 3850923, 2023. (Working Paper)
In this paper, we propose a new method to estimate non-fundamental demand shocks for green financial assets based on the arbitrage activity of exchange-traded funds (ETFs). By estimating the monthly abnormal flows into environment-friendly ETFs, we construct a Green Sentiment Index that captures shifts in investors' appetite for environmental responsibility that are not yet priced in the value of the underlying assets. Our measure of green sentiment differs significantly from the news-based climate indexes proposed by the extant literature, and it has additional explanatory power on both stock returns and corporate decisions. Over the period 2010-2020, shifts in green sentiment anticipate a persistent stock-price out-performance of more environmentally responsible firms, (of approximately 53 basis points over six months for a one-standard-deviation higher green sentiment) as well as an increase in their capital investments and cash holdings, particularly for more equity-dependent ones. |
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Julia Meyer, Ola Elsayed, Social Responsibility in the Time of Uncertainty: A Natural Experiment, In: -, No. -, . (Working Paper)
This paper studies social responsibility in the financial market under uncertainty. Using the COVID-19 induced stock market crash as a natural experiment, we present causal evidence for a significant market-wide increase in sentiment for and attention to socially responsible investments. An artefactual field experiment suggests three behavioral channels for this shift in preferences. First, investors view socially responsible assets as less risky and uncertain. Second, the crisis triggered an increase in prosocial preferences in general. Third, the affect heuristic, in which the emotional response acts as a mental shortcut in relation to a stimulus, triggers favorable expectations of socially responsible investment performance. Our insights provide evidence for the time varying nature of morality in the market and may explain the recently documented resilience of socially responsible stocks in times of market turmoil. |
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