Daniel Bisig, Tatsuo Unemi, Swarms on Stage - Swarm Simulations for Dance Performance, In: Proceedings of the Generative Art Conference, 2009. (Conference or Workshop Paper)
Simulations of swarm behavior have been employed as a generative processes in many musical and artistic realizations. Despite this popularity, the application of swarm simulations as a visual and interactive component for stage performances seems to be very rare. This paper tries to show that swarm simulations can be employed as flexible and fascinating choreographic elements for dance performance. In particular, a swarm's strong spatial presence and it's behavioral flexibility provide a wide range of choreographic possibilities that accentuate or complement the human dancers' activities. This paper places a particular focus on the presentation of several examples of swarm based stage effects that have been realized as collaboration between the authors and choreographers. |
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Shuhei Miyashita, Zoltan Nagy, Bradly Nelson, Rolf Pfeifer, The Influence of Shape on Parallel Self-Assembly, null, Vol. 11 (4), 2009. (Journal Article)
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Zoltan Nagy, Shuhei Miyashita, Simon Muntwyler, Ashish Cherukuri, Jake Abbott, Rolf Pfeifer, Bradly Nelson, Morphology Detection for Magnetically Self-Assembled Modular Robots, In: IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2009. (Conference or Workshop Paper)
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Shuhei Miyashita, The Introduction of Robotics Research Environment in Switzerland, In: The 27th Annual Conference of the Robotics Society of Japan, 2009. (Conference or Workshop Paper)
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Norbert E. Fuchs, Kaarel Kaljurand, Tobias Kuhn, Discourse Representation Structures for ACE 6.5, No. IFI-2009.04, Version: 1, 2009. (Technical Report)
This technical report describes the discourse representation structures (DRS) derived from texts written in version 6.5 of Attempto Controlled English (ACE 6.5). The description is done by an exhaustive set of examples. Among other things, ACE 6.5 supports modal statements, negation as failure, and sentence subordination. These features require an extended form of discourse representation structures. The discourse representation structure itself uses a reified, or ""flat"" notation, meaning that its atomic conditions are built from a small number of predefined predicates that take constants standing for words of the ACE text as their arguments |
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Burkhard Stiller, Thomas Bocek, Cristian Morariu, Peter Racz, Andrei Aurel Vancea, Martin Waldburger, Communication Systems III, No. IFI-2009.03a, Version: 1, 2009. (Technical Report)
This new edition of the seminar entitled ""Communication Systems III"" discusses a number of selected topics in the area of computer networks and communication systems. The technical report has been prepared during the spring term FS 2009 as the result of the Communication Systems seminar. The report discusses driving topics in communications technology, including investigations on network technologies, various network protocols, security aspects, and peer-to-peer systems. The understanding and clear identification of problems in technical and organizational terms have been prepared and challenges as well as weaknesses of existing approaches have been addressed. All talks in this seminar provide a systematic approach to judge dedicated pieces of systems or proposals and their suitability. |
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Burkhard Stiller, Cristian Morariu, Peter Racz, Martin Waldburger, Internet Economics IV, No. IFI-2009.01, Version: 1, 2009. (Technical Report)
This new edition of the seminar entitled ""Internet Economics IV"" discusses a number of selected topics, addressing investigations of the use and application of communications technology under economic constraints and technical optimization measures. The technical report has been prepared during the autumn term HS 2008 as the result of the Internet Economics seminar. The seminar deals with the use of Internet technology and additional ways to support and do business. Beside technical details of service provisioning in the Internet, in communication and mobile networks, the seminar discusses and focuses on financial and economical aspects, including upcoming business models, charging, financial clearing processes, and business relations in a multi-provider environment |
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Michael Jehle, Kevin Leopold, Linard Moll, Anthony Lymer, Software Evolution Recognition and Visualization Information Service, No. IFI-2009.06, Version: 1, 2009. (Technical Report)
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Thomas Bocek, Dalibor Peric, Fabio Victora Hecht, David Hausheer, Burkhard Stiller, Towards A Decentralized Voting Mechanism for P2P Collaboration Systems, No. IFI-2009.02, Version: 1, 2009. (Technical Report)
Peer-to-peer (P2P) systems achieve scalability, fault tolerance, and load balancing with a lower-cost infrastructure, from which collaboration systems, such as Wikipedia, could benefit from. A major challenge in P2P collaboration systems, however, is to maintain article quality after each modification at the presence of malicious peers. Therefore, to allow modifications to take effect will be only possible, if a majority of previous editors approve changes by voting. This determines a challenge in P2P systems, due to the absence of a central authority.
Thus, this paper proposes the fully decentralized voting mechanism PeerVote, which enables users to vote on modifications in articles in a P2P collaboration system. Simulations and experiments show the scalability and robustness of PeerVote, even at the presence of malicious peers |
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Adrian Bachmann, Abraham Bernstein, Data Retrieval, Processing and Linking for Software Process Data Analysis, No. IFI-2009.0003b, Version: 1, 2009. (Technical Report)
Many projects in the mining software repositories communities rely on software process data gathered from bug tracking databases and commit log files of version control systems. These data are then used to predict defects, gather insight into a project's life-cycle, and other tasks. In this technical report we introduce the software systems which hold such data. Furthermore, we present our approach for retrieving, processing and linking this data. Specifically, we first introduce the bug fixing process and the software products used which support this process. We then present a step by step guidance of our approach to retrieve, parse, convert and link the data sources. Additionally, we introduce an improved approach for linking the change log file with the bug tracking database. Doing that, we achieve a higher linking rate than with other approaches |
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J Fujiwara, Philippe Tobler, M Taira, T Iijima, K I Tsutsui, A parametric relief signal in human ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, NeuroImage, Vol. 44 (3), 2009. (Journal Article)
People experience relief whenever outcomes are better than they would have been, had an alternative course of action been chosen. Here we investigated the neuronal basis of relief with functional resonance imaging in a choice task in which the outcome of the chosen option and that of the unchosen option were revealed sequentially. We found parametric activation increases in anterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex with increasing relief (chosen outcomes better than unchosen outcomes). Conversely, anterior ventrolateral prefrontal activation was unrelated to the opposite of relief, increasing regret (chosen outcomes worse than unchosen outcomes). Furthermore, the anterior ventrolateral prefrontal activation was unrelated to primary gains and increased with relief irrespective of whether the chosen outcome was a loss or a gain. These results suggest that the anterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex encodes a higher-order reward signal that lies at the core of current theories of emotion. |
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Philippe Tobler, Behavioral functions of dopamine neurons, In: Dopamine Handbook, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, p. 316 - 330, 2009. (Book Chapter)
This chapter reviews the extracellular studies of dopamine neurons in behaving animals. Topics covered include motor functions of dopamine neurons, reward functions of dopamine neurons, reward learning functions of dopamine neurons, economic value functions of dopamine neurons, and attention and novelty functions of dopamine neurons. |
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Philippe Tobler, S Kobayashi, Electrophysiological correlates of reward processing in dopamine neurons, In: Handbook of reward and decision making, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, p. 29 - 50, 2009. (Book Chapter)
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E Düzel, N Bunzeck, M Guitart-Masip, B Wittmann, B H Schott, Philippe Tobler, Functional imaging of the human dopaminergic midbrain, Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. 32 (6), 2009. (Journal Article)
Invasive recording of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) of behaving animals suggests a role for these neurons in reward learning and novelty processing. In humans, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the only non-invasive event-related method to measure SN/VTA activity, but it is debated to what extent fMRI enables inference about dopaminergic responses within the SN/VTA. We consider the anatomical and functional parcellation of the primate SN/VTA and find that its homogeneity suggests little variation in the regional specificity of fMRI signals for reward-related dopaminergic responses. Hence, these responses seem to be well captured by the compound fMRI signal from the SN/VTA, which seems quantitatively related to dopamine release in positron emission tomography (PET). We outline how systematic investigation of the functional parcellation of the SN/VTA in animals, new developments in fMRI analysis and combined PET-fMRI studies can narrow the gap between fMRI and dopaminergic neurotransmission. |
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G I Christopoulos, Neural correlates of value, risk, and risk aversion contributing to decision making under risk, Journal of Neuroscience, Vol. 29 (40), 2009. (Journal Article)
Decision making under risk is central to human behavior. Economic decision theory suggests that value, risk, and risk aversion influence choice behavior. Although previous studies identified neural correlates of decision parameters, the contribution of these correlates to actual choices is unknown. In two different experiments, participants chose between risky and safe options. We identified discrete blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) correlates of value and risk in the ventral striatum and anterior cingulate, respectively. Notably, increasing inferior frontal gyrus activity to low risk and safe options correlated with higher risk aversion. Importantly, the combination of these BOLD responses effectively decoded the behavioral choice. Striatal value and cingulate risk responses increased the probability of a risky choice, whereas inferior frontal gyrus responses showed the inverse relationship. These findings suggest that the BOLD correlates of decision factors are appropriate for an ideal observer to detect behavioral choices. More generally, these biological data contribute to the validity of the theoretical decision parameters for actual decisions under risk. |
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Philippe Tobler, G I Christopoulos, J P O'Doherty, R J Dolan, W Schultz, Risk-dependent reward value signal in human prefrontal cortex, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), Vol. 106 (17), 2009. (Journal Article)
When making choices under uncertainty, people usually consider both the expected value and risk of each option, and choose the one with the higher utility. Expected value increases the expected utility of an option for all individuals. Risk increases the utility of an option for risk-seeking individuals, but decreases it for risk averse individuals. In 2 separate experiments, one involving imperative (no-choice), the other choice situations, we investigated how predicted risk and expected value aggregate into a common reward signal in the human brain. Blood oxygen level dependent responses in lateral regions of the prefrontal cortex increased monotonically with increasing reward value in the absence of risk in both experiments. Risk enhanced these responses in risk-seeking participants, but reduced them in risk-averse participants. The aggregate value and risk responses in lateral prefrontal cortex contrasted with pure value signals independent of risk in the striatum. These results demonstrate an aggregate risk and value signal in the prefrontal cortex that would be compatible with basic assumptions underlying the mean-variance approach to utility. |
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J Fujiwara, Philippe Tobler, M Taira, T Iijima, K I Tsutsui, Segregated and integrated coding of reward and punishment in the cingulate cortex, Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 101 (6), 2009. (Journal Article)
Reward and punishment have opposite affective value but are both processed by the cingulate cortex. However, it is unclear whether the positive and negative affective values of monetary reward and punishment are processed by separate or common subregions of the cingulate cortex. We performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using a free-choice task and compared cingulate activations for different levels of monetary gain and loss. Gain-specific activation (increasing activation for increasing gain, but no activation change in relation to loss) occurred mainly in the anterior part of the anterior cingulate and in the posterior cingulate cortex. Conversely, loss-specific activation (increasing activation for increasing loss, but no activation change in relation to gain) occurred between these areas, in the middle and posterior part of the anterior cingulate. Integrated coding of gain and loss (increasing activation throughout the full range, from biggest loss to biggest gain) occurred in the dorsal part of the anterior cingulate, at the border with the medial prefrontal cortex. Finally, unspecific activation increases to both gains and losses (increasing activation to increasing gains and increasing losses, possibly reflecting attention) occurred in dorsal and middle regions of the cingulate cortex. Together, these results suggest separate and common coding of monetary reward and punishment in distinct subregions of the cingulate cortex. Further meta-analysis suggested that the presently found reward- and punishment-specific areas overlapped with those processing positive and negative emotions, respectively. |
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Todd Anthony Hare, Colin F Camerer, Antonio Rangel, Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system, Science, Vol. 324 (5927), 2009. (Journal Article)
Every day, individuals make dozens of choices between an alternative with higher overall value and a more tempting but ultimately inferior option. Optimal decision-making requires self-control. We propose two hypotheses about the neurobiology of self-control: (i) Goal-directed decisions have their basis in a common value signal encoded in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and (ii) exercising self-control involves the modulation of this value signal by dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to monitor brain activity while dieters engaged in real decisions about food consumption. Activity in vmPFC was correlated with goal values regardless of the amount of self-control. It incorporated both taste and health in self-controllers but only taste in non-self-controllers. Activity in DLPFC increased when subjects exercised self-control and correlated with activity in vmPFC. |
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L Gregorios-Pippas, Philippe Tobler, W Schultz, Short-term temporal discounting of reward value in human ventral striatum, Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 101 (3), 2009. (Journal Article)
Delayed rewards lose their value for economic decisions and constitute weaker reinforcers for learning. Temporal discounting of reward value already occurs within a few seconds in animals, which allows investigations of the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. However, it is difficult to relate these mechanisms to human discounting behavior, which is usually studied over days and months and may engage different brain processes. Our study aimed to bridge the gap by using very short delays and measuring human functional magnetic resonance responses in one of the key reward centers of the brain, the ventral striatum. We used psychometric methods to assess subjective timing and valuation of monetary rewards with delays of 4.0-13.5 s. We demonstrated hyperbolic and exponential decreases of striatal responses to reward predicting stimuli within this time range, irrespective of changes in reward rate. Lower reward magnitudes induced steeper behavioral and striatal discounting. By contrast, striatal responses following the delivery of reward reflected the uncertainty in subjective timing associated with delayed rewards rather than value discounting. These data suggest that delays of a few seconds affect the neural processing of predicted reward value in the ventral striatum and engage the temporal sensitivity of reward responses. Comparisons with electrophysiological animal data suggest that ventral striatal reward discounting may involve dopaminergic and orbitofrontal inputs. |
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N Tottenham, J W Tanaka, A C Leon, T McCarry, M Nurse, Todd Anthony Hare, D J Marcus, A Westerlund, B J Casey, C Nelson, The NimStim set of facial expressions: judgments from untrained research participants, Psychiatry Research, Vol. 168 (3), 2009. (Journal Article)
A set of face stimuli called the NimStim Set of Facial Expressions is described. The goal in creating this set was to provide facial expressions that untrained individuals, characteristic of research participants, would recognize. This set is large in number, multiracial, and available to the scientific community online. The results of psychometric evaluations of these stimuli are presented. The results lend empirical support for the validity and reliability of this set of facial expressions as determined by accurate identification of expressions and high intra-participant agreement across two testing sessions, respectively. |
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